Philosophy 101 Study Guide

* Socrates: Philosopher who trusted in a flat out correct; asked understudies guided inquiries toward make them utilize their explanation, later became Socratic Method. Accused of presenting weird divine beings and debasing the youthful, he ended it all. * Rhetoric: Saying things in a persuading matter * Skepticism: The possibility that nothing can ever be known beyond a shadow of a doubt. * Sophists: A savvy and educated individual, disparaging of customary folklore, dismissed â€Å"fruitless† philosophical speculations.A individual from a school of old Greek expert rationalists who were master in and shown the abilities of talk, contention, and discussion, however were condemned for presumptive thinking. * Socratic Irony: Feign Ignorance, or claim to be more moronic than truly are to uncover the shortcomings of individuals' reasoning * â€Å"One thing just I know, and that will be that I know nothing† * â€Å"He comprehends what great is will do good† * Plato ( 428-347 B. C. Athens, Greece): Student of Socrates. Built up ‘The Academy'. Composed Dialogs. He was a Dualist. * Two sections to a human: Body ; Soul Plato viewed the body and soul as discrete elements * An individual may ache for or have a hunger for something, yet oppose the hankering with resolve. An effectively working soul requires the most noteworthy part, reason, to control the least part, craving, with help from the will. * Plato accepted that however the body bites the dust and crumbles, the spirit keeps on living until the end of time. After the passing of the body, the spirit moves to what Plato called the domain of the unadulterated structures. There, it exists without a body, thinking about the forms.After a period, the spirit is resurrected in another body and comes back to the world. In any case, the resurrected soul holds a diminish memory of the domain of structures and longs for it * Theory of thoughts/shapes: the truth behind the material world, which conta ins the interminable and changeless â€Å"patterns† behind the different wonders, we run over in nature. * Plato accepted that everything substantial in nature streams. There are no substances that don't break up, thus everything is made of an ageless â€Å"mold† or â€Å"form† that is interminable and unchanging. * Eternal: Lasting or existing orever; without end or starting. * Immutable: Unable to be changed * Form (Ideas): A structure is a theoretical property or quality. Take any property of an item; separate it from that question and think about it without anyone else, and you are examining a structure. For instance, in the event that you separate the roundness of a b-ball from its shading, its weight, and so on and think about only roundness without anyone else, you are thinking about the from of roundness. * The structures are otherworldly. This implies they don't exist in reality. A material item, a ball, exists at a specific spot at a specific time.A st ructure, roundness, doesn't exist at wherever or time. * Pure †the structures just epitomize one property. Material articles are tainted; they consolidate various properties, for example, obscurity, circularity, and hardness into one item. * Archetypes †The structures are originals; that is, they are ideal instances of the property that they embody. The structures are the ideal models whereupon every single material article are based. The type of redness, for instance, is red, and every single red article are essentially flawed * Ultimately Real †The structures are the eventually genuine elements, not material objects.All material items are duplicates or pictures of some assortment of structures; their world comes just from the structures. * Causes †The structures are the reasons for all things. * They give the clarification of why anything is how it is * They are the source or cause of the being of all things * Systematically Interconnected †The structures involve a framework driving down from the type of the Good moving from increasingly broad to progressively specific, from increasingly target to more subjective.This methodical structure is reflected in the structure of the argument procedure by which we come to information on the structures. * Realm of Forms (World of Ideas): The world that we see through the brain, utilizing our ideas, is by all accounts lasting and constant. People approach the domain of structures through the brain, through explanation, given Plato's hypothesis of the developments of the human spirit. This gives them access to a perpetual world, safe to the torments and changes of the material world.By isolating ourselves from the material world and our bodies and building up our capacity to fret about the structures, we discover a worth which isn't available to change or breaking down. * Realm of the Illusory (World of the Senses): The world we see through the faculties is by all accounts continually evolving. It appears that all the articles we see with the faculties are basically pictures or encounters in our psyche. They are just abstract purposes of perspectives on the genuine items. For instance, the world shows up profoundly contrastingly to a partially blind individual than it does to us.The objects that we see as shaded, at that point, must not be the genuine articles, however simply our experience of these items that is controlled by my specific emotional perspective and perceptual mechanical assembly. * True Knowledge * He accepted that as aftereffect of the steady change inside the material world we would never truly have genuine information. * Eros: Greek divine force of adoration; child of Aphrodite; regularly demonstrated blindfolded * Rationalism: the conviction that human explanation is the essential wellspring of our insight into the world * Three pieces of the Soul Reason (Intellect) * In the Head * Provide Wisdom * Where our individual/one of a kind abilities lie * If r eason works amazingly (arete) at that point we are shrewd to that degree * If we practice intelligence to the degree then that piece of the spirit is phenomenal * Responsible for affection for learning, vivacious, and enlivened * Passion [Appetite/Desire] * From Greek word â€Å"Pathe† meaning the silly developments of the spirit * In gut * Provides balance If energy works magnificently then we are calm * If we practice moderation to the degree then that piece of the spirit is brilliant * Responsible for Desire * Thymos * Means Spirit/Will * In Heart * Provides Courage * Can assist reason with acing enthusiasm * If we practice fearlessness to the degree then that piece of the spirit is incredible * Responsible for outrage * Views on Women: Plato accepted that ladies had a right, or you may even consider it a task to carry out in the public arena. Their job was to be a noteworthy piece of society, not quite the same as men, yet at the same time play a part.Plato accepted that ladies were important for society to run easily. * Women were not equivalents of men * Women needed quality * Women are normally maternal * In Plato’s time it was inconceivable to see ladies as in excess of a bit of property. * Dualist: a sharp division between the truth of thought and expanded reality. * Aristotle (384-322 B. C; Macedonia, Athens): Pupil of Plato's. Trusted Plato's universe of thoughts didn't exist yet that the everlasting thought was actually an idea the possibility of a pony that we have in the wake of seeing huge numbers of them. Learn know through the faculties. â€Å"20 questions†. Causes * What sort of material it is made of? * Wood * What kind of thing it is? * Table * What made it appear? * How it was manufactured; the undertaking should have been done to make the table * Purpose or Final Cause (Telos): The reason, end, point, or objective of something. The last reason is the reason why a thing exists. * Meant to be a supper table or work area * Views on Women: Viewed them as â€Å"unfinished men†. * Golden Mean: One can't be a lot of a certain something or excessively less, should be adjusted * Empiricism: Derive all information from what the faculties tell us.There are no inborn thoughts and can't demonstrate the presence of God, endlessness or substance * Hellenism: The timeframe and the Greek-ruled culture that won in the three Hellenistic Kingdoms of Macedonia, Syria, and Egypt. The dispersion of Greek Culture all through the Mediterranean world after the success of Alexander the Great. * The Cynics: True satisfaction doesn't originate from outside focal points, similar to control/great wellbeing. When you have genuine bliss, it can't be lost. Their own/others wellbeing shouldn't upset them. * The Stoics * Stoicism was established by a man named Zeno, who lived from 335-263 BC. He used to address not in a study hall however outside, on the yard of an open structure * The word for patio in Greek is STOA, thus individuals called his understudies Stoics * People should attempt to arrive at inward tranquility * Moderate in everything * Be content with what they had. This would prompt a glad life * The best sign of a person's way of thinking was not what an individual said but rather how he carried on * Destructive feelings came about because of mistakes in judgment * Sage: individual of â€Å"moral and scholarly perfection† * Would not experience the ill effects of such feelings The Epicureans: They accepted delight is the best acceptable, however to achieve joy was to live humbly, gain information on the functions of the world, and breaking point to one's wants. * Neo-Platonism: Belief of two shafts on Earth, one end is the jump light called the One (God). Opposite end is outright dimness, no presence, the nonappearance of light. * Syncretism: The joining of various convictions, regularly while merging acts of different ways of thinking. * Mysticism: One with God, converging with hi m. â€Å"I am God. † or â€Å"I am You. † * Two Cultures The Indo-Europeans: Related dialects of Europe, India, and Iran, which are accepted to have dropped from a typical tongue spoken generally in the third thousand years B. C. by a rural people groups starting in SE Europe * The Semites: An individual from any of the people groups who talk or communicated in a Semitic language, remembering for specific the Jews and Arabs-for the most part Middle Easterners, they considered history to be an on going line, world will end on day of atonement * The Middle Ages: Period of European history from the fifth century to the fifteenth century * St. Augustine: Latin-speakin